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Regressive evolution of the pelvic complex in stickleback fishes: a study of convergent evolution

Klepaker, Tom; Østbye, Kjartan; Bell, Michael A.
Journal article, Peer reviewed
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URI
http://hdl.handle.net/11250/134652
Date
2013
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  • Artikkel - fagfellevurdert vitenskapelig / Articles - peer-reviewed [1175]
Original version
Klepaker, T. O., Østbye, K., & Bell, M. A. (2013). Regressive evolution of the pelvic complex in stickleback fishes: a study of convergent evolution. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 15(4), 413-435.  
Abstract
Background: Regressive evolution of the pelvic complex has been observed in populations of

three of five stickleback genera, Gasterosteus, Pungitius, and Culaea, from young freshwater

habitats (<18,000 years old). It has been hypothesized to be selected for by ion limitation, lack

of predation by fishes, and increased predation by large aquatic insects. Stickleback pelvic

reduction is often caused by deletion mutations of the Pitx1 gene, which prevent its expression

during pelvic development. Lack of Pitx1 expression may be partly compensated for by Pitx2,

which is preferentially expressed on the left side of the body, causing the left pelvic vestige to be

larger than the right. Thus, left-biased directional asymmetry of pelvic vestiges implicates null

Pitx1 alleles.

Aim: Review the geographical patterns of pelvic variation in the three stickleback genera

and consider their implications for hypotheses regarding the genetics and evolution of pelvic

reduction in the Gasterosteidae.

Data: We review published data on pelvic reduction and add previously unpublished

information from populations in Scotland and Norway.

Methods: We assign individual stickleback to one of three pelvic phenotypes – normal,

vestigial, and lost pelvis – and explore the distribution of these three broad classes among

populations. We study bilateral symmetry of the pelvis by scoring pelvic phenotypes on the left

and right sides.

Results: Pelvic reduction is rare in sticklebacks and occurs only in fresh water. Sticklebacks

with pelvic reduction tend to occur in the western and northern parts of their ranges in Eurasia

and North America, but this pattern is less evident for the ninespine stickleback. Pelvic

phenotype frequency distributions within populations differ among stickleback genera. The

vestigial pelvic phenotype dominates in many populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus, rarely in

Pungitius, and never in Culaea inconstans. In Culaea, the lost and normal pelvic phenotypes are

often dimorphic, but a vestigial pelvis is rare. This dimorphism does not occur in the other two

genera. Monomorphism of the lost pelvic phenotype does not occur in Gasterosteus, and is rare in the other two genera. Asymmetry of pelvic vestiges is common in all three genera,

but left-larger directional asymmetry predominates only in Gasterosteus. This bias could be

due to the suggested regulatory mutation in the Pitx1 gene and/or mutations in downstream

targets of Pitx1, and suggests involvement of other genes for pelvic reduction in the other

genera.
Publisher
Evolutionary Ecology
Journal
Evolutionary Ecology Research

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